Photosynthesis in a chloroplast
with light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle.

This detailed scientific illustration shows the process of photosynthesis within a chloroplast, focusing on both the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The top diagram outlines the light-dependent reactions that occur in the thylakoid, where water is split to produce oxygen, and energy is stored as NADPH and ATP. The lower diagram explains the light-independent reactions that occur in the stroma, where carbon dioxide is fixed to produce carbohydrates (PGAL) using energy from NADPH and ATP.

The 3D cross-sectional view of the chloroplast highlights its internal structures, including the grana (stacks of thylakoids) where the light-dependent reactions take place, and the stroma, where the Calvin cycle occurs. The image also labels the outer compartment (intermembrane space), providing a full view of the chloroplast’s structure and function in energy production.

This high-quality and informative illustration is ideal for use in biology textbooks, plant science journals, e-books, or educational articles focusing on photosynthesis, chloroplast function, and plant biology.

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